Burial information will be forthcoming. [54][55] One was John Bowring, to whom Bentham became devoted, describing their relationship as "son and father": he appointed Bowring political editor of The Westminster Review and eventually his literary executor. Utilitarianism was revised and expanded by Bentham's student John Stuart Mill, who sharply criticized Bentham's view of human nature, which failed to recognize conscience as a human motive. I, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, University College London's Special Collections, A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace, https://www.utilitarianism.com/jeremy-bentham/life.html, "The Early History of Thames Magistrates' Court", "Oddball Philosopher Had His Mummified Body Put on Display … and Now His Rings Are Missing", Value of a Lot of Pleasure or Pain, How to be Measured, "A choice of evils: Should democracies use torture to protect against terrorism? However, as it became clear that there was still no real commitment to the proposal, he abandoned hope, and instead turned his attentions to extracting financial compensation for his years of fruitless effort. [75], Bentham advocated "Pauper Management" which involved the creation of a chain of large workhouses.[76][77]. As early as 1769, when Bentham was 21 years old, he made a will leaving his body for dissection to a family friend, the physician and chemist George Fordyce, whose daughter, Maria Sophia (1765–1858), married Jeremy's brother Samuel Bentham. [29], The Panopticon was intended to be cheaper than the prisons of his time, as it required fewer staff; "Allow me to construct a prison on this model," Bentham requested to a Committee for the Reform of Criminal Law, "I will be the gaoler. [53], In 1823, he co-founded The Westminster Review with James Mill as a journal for the "Philosophical Radicals"—a group of younger disciples through whom Bentham exerted considerable influence in British public life. Bentham did not object to medical experiments on animals, providing that the experiments had in mind a particular goal of benefit to humanity, and had a reasonable chance of achieving that goal. "[57], A psychobiographical study by Philip Lucas and Anne Sheeran argues that he may have had Asperger's syndrome. Together they forged a life that was built on the foundation that faith and family is everything. He focused on monetary expansion as a means of helping to create full employment. When the essay was published in the Journal of Homosexuality in 1978, the "Abstract" stated that Bentham's essay was the "first known argument for homosexual law reform in England. XVideos.com - the best free porn videos on internet, 100% free. Therefore, the legislation of a society is vital to maintain the maximum pleasure and the minimum degree of pain for the greatest number of people. "[4][15] Bentham was also a sharp critic of legal fictions. He became deeply frustrated with the complexity of English law, which he termed the "Demon of Chicane". However, Bentham wanted such transparency to apply to everyone. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Weebly’s free website builder makes it easy to create a website, blog, or online store. [65] He was also a determined opponent of religion, as Crimmins observes: "Between 1809 and 1823 Jeremy Bentham carried out an exhaustive examination of religion with the declared aim of extirpating religious beliefs, even the idea of religion itself, from the minds of men."[59]. [26][27], Bentham began to develop this model, particularly as applicable to prisons, and outlined his ideas in a series of letters sent home to his father in England. [8][9] He called for the abolition of slavery, capital punishment and physical punishment, including that of children. "[71] In Mill's hands, "Benthamism" became a major element in the liberal conception of state policy objectives. [85] The essay remained unpublished during his lifetime for fear of offending public morality. XVideos.com - the best free porn videos on internet, 100% free. You will see...that the gaoler will have no salary—will cost nothing to the nation." This life experience, in addition to the separation of her brothers and sisters, instilled in Nilda a deep devotion and love for family. 4 February 1747][3] – 6 June 1832) was an English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.[4][5]. [18] A paper written in 1830, instructing Thomas Southwood Smith to create the auto-icon, was attached to his last will, dated 30 May 1832. Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of discourse? [67] His principle of utility regards good as that which produces the greatest amount of pleasure and the minimum amount of pain and evil as that which produces the most pain without the pleasure. In his essay Auto-Icon, or the Uses of the Dead to the Living, Bentham wrote, "If a country gentleman has rows of trees leading to his dwelling, the auto-icons of his family might alternate with the trees; copal varnish would protect the face from the effects of rain. He was reportedly a child prodigy: he was found as a toddler sitting at his father's desk reading a multi-volume history of England, and he began to study Latin at the age of three. He also developed links with José Cecilio del Valle. An insight into his character is given in Michael St. John Packe's The Life of John Stuart Mill: During his youthful visits to Bowood House, the country seat of his patron Lord Lansdowne, he had passed his time at falling unsuccessfully in love with all the ladies of the house, whom he courted with a clumsy jocularity, while playing chess with them or giving them lessons on the harpsichord. [38] Eventually Bentham turned to a site at Tothill Fields, near Westminster. but, Can they suffer? Bentham's students included his secretary and collaborator James Mill, the latter's son, John Stuart Mill, the legal philosopher John Austin, American writer and activist John Neal, as well as Robert Owen, one of the founders of utopian socialism. Bentham's opinions about monetary economics were completely different from those of David Ricardo; however, they had some similarities to those of Henry Thornton. [116], In 2020, the auto-icon was put into a new glass display case and moved to the entrance of UCL's new Student Centre on Gordon Square. Using government money, Bentham bought the land on behalf of the Crown for £12,000 in November 1799. In 1959, the Bentham Committee was established under the auspices of University College London with the aim of producing a definitive edition of Bentham's writings. ", "Jeremy Bentham's Attack on Natural Rights", "Tracts on Poor Laws and Pauper Management", Of the Limits of the Penal Branch of Jurisprudence, "Why too much privacy is bad for the economy", Gulphs in Mankind's Career of Prosperity: A Critique of Adam Smith on Interest Rate Restrictions, Essay on Political Tactics: containing six of the Principal Rules proper to be observed by a Political Assembly In the process of a Forming a Decision: with the Reasons on Which They Are Grounded; and a comparative application of them to British and French Practice: Being a Fragment of a larger Work, a sketch of which is subjoined, Rights, Representation, and Reform: Nonsense upon Stilts and Other Writings on the French Revolution, Church-of-Englandism and its Catechism Examined, "PRHLT text indexing and search interface for Bentham Papers", "The 'Auto-Icon' of Jeremy Bentham at University College, London", "Bentham's corpse attends UCL board meeting", "Severed head of eccentric Jeremy Bentham to go on display as scientists test DNA to see if he was autistic", "Jeremy Bentham's Body Gets A Contentious New Box At UCL", "Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the Death Penalty", "Asperger's Syndrome and the Eccentricity and Genius of Jeremy Bentham", "A Critique of Elie Halévy; refutation of an important distortion of British moral philosophy", "Bentham and Mill on the "Quality" of Pleasures", "Critique of the Doctrine of Inalienable, Natural Rights", "Offences Against One's Self: Paederasty", "Jeremy Bentham at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2007", Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett), Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slave-ownership, Department of Science and Technology Studies, Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Pedestrian Accessibility and Movement Environment Laboratory, Edwards Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology, Grote Chair of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic, Royal Free, University College and Middlesex Medical Students RFC, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street, European Network for Training Economic Research, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Bentham&oldid=1011310615, People associated with University College London, People educated at Westminster School, London, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2013, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This was an unsparing criticism of some introductory passages relating to political theory in. Bentham died on 6 June 1832 aged 84 at his residence in Queen Square Place in Westminster, London, England. But a full-grown horse or dog, is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant of a day or a week or even a month, old. Horny Japanese Chick Minori Hatsune In Incredible Solo Girl, Compilation JAV Movie, Shrima Malati is a sexy Devilish that has basic English skills, Anal farts while fucked In lieu of flowers, you can make a contribution in Nilda’s name to the American Cancer Society or Autism Speaks in Independence, Ohio…or in memory of her loving and generous nature, do something kind, unexpected and unsolicited, for someone who needs it. As the hedonic calculus shows "expectation utilities" to be much higher than natural ones, it follows that Bentham does not favour the sacrifice of a few to the benefit of the many. [86] Bentham does not believe homosexual acts to be unnatural, describing them merely as "irregularities of the venereal appetite". It was later locked away. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think.…, Bentham's Principles of Morals and Legislation focuses on the principle of utility and how this view of morality ties into legislative practices. Deacon, Rocky Ortiz of Sacred Heart Chapel, Lorain will officiate. London: Published under the pseudonym Gamaliel Smith. He not only proposed many legal and social reforms, but also expounded an underlying moral principle on which they should be based. According to Bentham's design, the prisoners would also be used as menial labour, walking on wheels to spin looms or run a water wheel. There is some evidence that, from the sidelines, he played a "more than passive part" in the planning discussions for the new institution, although it is also apparent that "his interest was greater than his influence". "[87] He considered both surveillance and transparency to be useful ways of generating understanding and improvements for people's lives. Mill considered Bentham's view "to have done and to be doing very serious evil. "[8], For Bentham, transparency had moral value. The project was launched in September 2010 and is making freely available, via a specially designed transcription interface, digital images of UCL's vast Bentham Papers collection—which runs to some 60,000 manuscript folios—to engage the public and recruit volunteers to help transcribe the material. )[113][115], Bentham had intended the auto-icon to incorporate his actual head, mummified to resemble its appearance in life. Twentieth-century French philosopher Michel Foucault argued that the panopticon was paradigmatic of several 19th-century "disciplinary" institutions. It was largely because of his sense of injustice and frustration that he developed his ideas of "sinister interest"—that is, of the vested interests of the powerful conspiring against a wider public interest—which underpinned many of his broader arguments for reform. [51][52], Bentham contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia: in 1831 a "Proposal to His Majesty's Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia" was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Anthony Bacon and Bentham, but its ideas were considered too radical, and it was unable to attract the required investment. Some made their first appearance in English in the 1820s as a result of back-translation from Dumont's 1802 collection (and redaction) of Bentham's writing on civil and penal legislation. Bentham and his ideas can nonetheless be seen as having inspired several of the actual founders of the University. Nilda attended elementary school in Parmadale and St. Joseph School in Lorain. After he learned more about American law and realised that most of it was state-based, he promptly wrote to the governors of every single state with the same offer. [30], The ultimately abortive proposal for a panopticon prison to be built in England was one among his many proposals for legal and social reform. possible through an experimental handwritten text image indexing and search system,[110] developed by the PRHLT research center in the framework of the READ project. © Copyright 2011 - 21 Richard J. Reidy Funeral Home. UCL now endeavours to acknowledge Bentham's influence on its foundation, while avoiding any suggestion of direct involvement, by describing him as its "spiritual founder".[17]. is the world's best free live sex site. His monetary view was close to the fundamental concepts employed in his model of utilitarian decision making. Funeral Service 1791. She adored her children and grandchildren, and they in return adored her. The printed oration contains a frontispiece with an engraving of Bentham's body partly covered by a sheet. [a] The bill created the Thames River Police, which was the first preventive police force in the country and was a precedent for Robert Peel's reforms 30 years later. Directed by Jeremy Rush. Bentham (1780) nevertheless thought women inferior to men regarding such qualities as "strength of intellectual powers" and "firmness of mind. Free, flexible textual search of the full collection of Bentham Papers is now sfn error: no target: CITEREFBentham2002 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBentham1776 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBentham1821 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBentham1834 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchofield2009a (, International Alliance of Libertarian Parties, International Federation of Liberal Youth, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Plan of Parliamentary Reform, in the form of Catechism with Reasons for Each Article, with An Introduction shewing the Necessity and the Inadequacy of Moderate Reform, The Elements of the Art of Packing, as applied to special juries particularly in cases of libel law, The Book of Fallacies from Unfinished Papers of Jeremy Bentham, A Treatise on Judicial Evidence Extracted from the Manuscripts of Jeremy Bentham, Esq, Rationale of Judicial Evidence, specially applied to English Practice, Extracted from the Manuscripts of Jeremy Bentham, Esq. [39] At this point, however, it became clear that a nearby site at Millbank, adjoining the Thames, was available for sale, and this time things ran more smoothly. She was the essence of the beauty of the simple human heart. Nilda will be dearly missed by her husband, Mike Fernandez; sons Oscar Figueroa Jr. (Monica Diaz) of Lorain, David (Tina) Figueroa of Ellenton, Florida, Michael Figueroa of Amherst; daughter Stephanie (Jeremy) Branham of Amherst; stepson Michael (Crystal) Fernandez of Las Vegas, Nevada; stepdaughter Shelly Fouch of Cape Coral, Florida; her beautiful grandchildren Oriana Figueroa, Oscar Figueroa III, Alex Figueroa, Audrianna Figueroa, Briana Branham, Noah Branham, Nicolas Branham, Harlee Branham, Zach Fouch, Jesse Fernandez, Brianna Fernandez, and Isabella Fernandez; brothers H. Edward Rivera, Cel Rivera (Elba Armstrong), Hector Rivera, and Bill (Velda) Rivera; sisters Gloria Gomez, Carmen Lillian Homolya, and Elba Rivera and her foster mom Rafaela Torres, along with many loved nephews and nieces, and foster brothers and sisters. "[69] It provides security, a precondition for the formation of expectations. After unsuccessful attempts to interest the authorities in Ireland and revolutionary France,[35] he started trying to persuade the prime minister, William Pitt, to revive an earlier abandoned scheme for a National Penitentiary in England, this time to be built as a panopticon. 1978). "[6][7] He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. [80], Bentham said that it was the placing of women in a legally inferior position that made him choose in 1759, at the age of eleven, the career of a reformist,[81] though American critic John Neal claimed to have convinced him to take up women's rights issues during their association between 1825 and 1827. In order to measure the extent of pain or pleasure that a certain decision will create, he lays down a set of criteria divided into the categories of intensity, duration, certainty, proximity, productiveness, purity, and extent. He attended Westminster School; in 1760, at age 12, his father sent him to The Queen's College, Oxford, where he completed his bachelor's degree in 1763 and his master's degree in 1766. [102] Nevertheless, Bowring's remained the standard edition of most of Bentham's writings for over a century, and is still only partially superseded: it includes such interesting writings on international[b] relations as Bentham's A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace written 1786–89, which forms part IV of the Principles of International Law. His mother was 15 years old when an unknown driver hit her, forcing an early delivery. To everyone that she knew she opened her heart and her home. The principle of utility, or "greatest happiness principle," forms the cornerstone of all Bentham's thought. This appeared in 11 volumes in 1838–1843. Between 1808 and 1810, he held a personal friendship with Latin American revolutionary Francisco de Miranda and paid visits to Miranda's Grafton Way house in London. A getaway driver for a bank robbery realizes he has been double crossed and races to find out who betrayed him. He wrote in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation:[66], Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. She loved serving those in crisis and in turn was loved and respected by her co-workers. [19] He learnt to play the violin, and at the age of seven Bentham would perform sonatas by Handel during dinner parties. Volunteer-produced transcripts will contribute to the Bentham Project's production of the new edition of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, and will be uploaded to UCL's digital Bentham Papers repository,[107] widening access to the collection for all and ensuring its long-term preservation. object, it would be acceptable to torture one person if this would produce an amount of happiness in other people outweighing the unhappiness of the tortured individual. Bentham was the first person to be an aggressive advocate for the codification of all of the common law into a coherent set of statutes; he was actually the person who coined the verb "to codify" to refer to the process of drafting a legal code. Her Family will receive friends Tuesday, February 9 from 4 PM until time of her funeral service at 7 PM at the Richard J. Reidy Funeral Home, 1783 East 31st Street, South Lorain. He trained as a lawyer and, though he never practised, was called to the bar in 1769. Jeremy Bentham (/ ˈ b ɛ n θ ə m /; 15 February 1748 [O.S. When she graduated from Lorain High School in 1969 she was the first in her family to do so. The edition was described by the Edinburgh Review on first publication as "incomplete, incorrect and ill-arranged", and has since been repeatedly criticised both for its omissions and for errors of detail; while Bowring's memoir of Bentham's life included in volumes 10 and 11 was described by Sir Leslie Stephen as "one of the worst biographies in the language". Earlier in the paragraph, Bentham makes clear that he accepted that animals could be killed for food, or in defence of human life, provided that the animal was not made to suffer unnecessarily. "[16], On his death in 1832, Bentham left instructions for his body to be first dissected, and then to be permanently preserved as an "auto-icon" (or self-image), which would be his memorial. He wrote that otherwise he had a "decided and insuperable objection" to causing pain to animals, in part because of the harmful effects such practices might have on human beings. [72] Historian Gertrude Himmelfarb wrote "The principle of the greatest happiness of the greatest number was as inimical to the idea of liberty as to the idea of rights."[73]. III, c. 44 (1812). [20][incomplete short citation] He had one surviving sibling, Samuel Bentham (1757–1831), with whom he was close. Nilda lived the most extraordinary of an ordinary life. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. [40], From his point of view, the site was far from ideal, being marshy, unhealthy, and too small. Penitentiary House, etc. She was preceded in death by her parents Celestino and Angelita Rivera, her foster dad Hector Torres, and brother-in-law Julio Gomez. He had by now decided that he wanted to see the prison built: when finished, it would be managed by himself as contractor-governor, with the assistance of Samuel. By "happiness," he understood a predominance of "pleasure" over "pain." [58] Bentham was an atheist. It set up the Bentham Project[104] to undertake the task, and the first volume in The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham was published in 1968. [citation needed], To assist in this task, the Bentham papers at UCL are being digitised by crowdsourcing their transcription. [67] Using these measurements, he reviews the concept of punishment and when it should be used as far as whether a punishment will create more pleasure or more pain for a society. The more direct associations between Bentham and UCL—the College's custody of his Auto-icon (see above) and of the majority of his surviving papers—postdate his death by some years: the papers were donated in 1849, and the Auto-icon in 1850. However, he played only a limited direct part in its foundation.[17]. [82][83] Bentham spoke for a complete equality between the sexes, arguing in favour of women's suffrage, a woman's right to obtain a divorce, and a woman's right to hold political office. [18], Afterward, the skeleton and head were preserved and stored in a wooden cabinet called the "Auto-icon", with the skeleton padded out with hay and dressed in Bentham's clothes. His initial claim was for the enormous sum of nearly £700,000, but he eventually settled for the more modest (but still considerable) sum of £23,000. He calls for legislators to determine whether punishment creates an even more evil offence. [citation needed], Bentham stated that pleasures and pains can be ranked according to their value or "dimension" such as intensity, duration, certainty of a pleasure or a pain. During his lifetime, Bentham's codification efforts were completely unsuccessful. He advocated individual and economic freedoms, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the right to divorce, and (in an unpublished essay) the decriminalising of homosexual acts. Terms of Use | Privacy. When he asked the government for more land and more money, however, the response was that he should build only a small-scale experimental prison—which he interpreted as meaning that there was little real commitment to the concept of the panopticon as a cornerstone of penal reform. He was concerned with maxima and minima of pleasures and pains; and they set a precedent for the future employment of the maximisation principle in the economics of the consumer, the firm and the search for an optimum in welfare economics. Some of Bentham's writings on 'sexual non-conformity' were published for the first time in 1931,[9] but Paederasty was not published until 1978. He was also aware of the relevance of forced saving, propensity to consume, the saving-investment relationship, and other matters that form the content of modern income and employment analysis. [18], Bentham's wish to preserve his dead body was consistent with his philosophy of utilitarianism. Nilda Rosa Fernandez, please click here to visit our Sympathy Store. Jeremy Bentham (/ˈbɛnθəm/; 15 February 1748 [O.S. She began as a legal secretary, but spent most of her career as a medical secretary in ICU and the Emergency Room, first at St. Joseph Hospital and then eventually retiring from Mercy Regional Medical Center in Lorain. [11][12][13][14] Though strongly in favour of the extension of individual legal rights, he opposed the idea of natural law and natural rights (both of which are considered "divine" or "God-given" in origin), calling them "nonsense upon stilts. Hopeful to the last, at the age of eighty he wrote again to one of them, recalling to her memory the far-off days when she had "presented him, in ceremony, with the flower in the green lane" [citing Bentham's memoirs]. [14] He argued and believed that the ability to suffer, not the ability to reason, should be the benchmark, or what he called the "insuperable line". However, as P. J. Kelly argued in Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: Jeremy Bentham and the Civil Law, Bentham had a theory of justice that prevented such consequences. It was previously displayed at the end of the South Cloisters in the main building of the college until it was moved in 2020. [34] In 1791, he published the material he had written as a book, although he continued to refine his proposals for many years to come. "[111] On 8 June 1832, two days after his death, invitations were distributed to a select group of friends, and on the following day at 3 p.m., Southwood Smith delivered a lengthy oration over Bentham's remains in the Webb Street School of Anatomy & Medicine in Southwark, London. He argues that the concept of the individual pursuing his or her own happiness cannot be necessarily declared "right", because often these individual pursuits can lead to greater pain and less pleasure for a society as a whole. In the 1780s, for example, Bentham maintained a correspondence with the aging Adam Smith, in an unsuccessful attempt to convince Smith that interest rates should be allowed to freely float. [42] Bentham was devastated: "They have murdered my best days. To the end of his life he could not hear of Bowood without tears swimming in his eyes, and he was forced to exclaim, "Take me forward, I entreat you, to the future—do not let me go back to the past. Again, therefore, the scheme ground to a halt. [117], British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer, Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Abortive prison project and the Panopticon, Correspondence and contemporary influences, An Act for the More Effectual Prevention of Depredations on the River Thames (39 & 40 Geo 3 c 87), An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation: Chapter I: OF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBentham2008 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWarren1969 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBentham1787 (. Originally kept by Bentham's disciple, Thomas Southwood Smith,[112] it was acquired by University College London (UCL) in 1850.
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