Drug Products and Their Regulations © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 Drug Use in Modern Society Federal Support for Drug Screening drivers. The cause of the wreck can be argued: A warning indicator on the Conrail train was malfunctioning and the backup alarm had been silenced because it was too irritating. Is Substance Dependence a Disease? Supplies of Illicit Cocaine Cocaine is readily available on the illicit market in all major U.S. metropolitan areas. What three phases of clinical drug testing are required before a new drug application can be approved? . Tolerance Tolerance refers to a phenomenon seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect. Also, patients who became quite manic and lost touch with reality would probably have been called schizophrenic in those days, perhaps at least partly because a treatment existed for schizophrenia. Do you know whether a user of illicit drugs in your community can get access to clean syringes and needles? High potential for abuse b. It may be excreted unchanged from the body (usually in the urine), or it may be chemically changed so that it no longer has the same effect on the body. gateway: one of the first drugs (e.g., alcohol or tobacco) used by a typical drug user. How Drugs Work © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 4. Suicide attempts seem to have a different background than successful suicides, but alcohol abuse is second only to depression as the diagnosis in suicide attempters. The medical model has been attacked by both psychiatrists (who are medical doctors) and psychologists (who generally hold nonmedical doctorates such as a PhD or PsyD). Often the difference between what one considers normal use and what one considers abuse of, for example, alcohol or a prescription drug comes down to how much a person takes. . Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Given the greater cost of the newer drugs, it is now being questioned whether there is any real benefit to prescribing them.7 It is going to be interesting to see how clinical practice responds to this new information, and whether subsequent research can demonstrate any longterm benefit for the newer and more expensive atypical antipsychotics. Lieberman, J. There is a popular misconception that schizophrenia means “split personality” or refers to individuals exhibiting multiple personalities. The black-market cost of these substances makes the use of cocaine or heroin consume so much money. The difference in proportions of those who have drunk alcohol in their lifetimes is not great, but almost 60 percent of males and fewer than 45 percent of females report current (past month) drinking. Homework C. Travel/something fun D. Nothing Sleep Hom ew orkTravel/som ethingfun Nothing 21% 16% 26% 37% 3. A second disadvantage is that the dose effective in surgical anesthesia is not much lower than the dose that causes respiratory arrest and death. Distillation is used to increase the alcohol content of a beverage. This pathway has been proposed to mediate some types of psychotic behavior such as those seen in schizophrenia. © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 1. Many of these effects of alcohol on sexual behavior are consistent with the alcohol myopia theory mentioned previously—alcohol impairs information processing in such a way that people are more likely to attend to what’s right in front of them at the time. However, the effects of LSD are relatively limited—it doesn’t lead ED50: effective dose for half of the animals tested. Lakins, N. E., G. D. Williams, and H. Yi. This fact suggests that some response systems Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition II. Amphetamine’s first use was as a replacement for ephedrine in the treatment of asthma. Read PDF Drugs Society And Human Behavior 15th Edition Drugs Society And Human Behavior 15th Edition This is likewise one of the factors by obtaining the soft documents of this drugs society and human behavior 15th edition by online. If study skills and habits, relationship problems, or substance abuse appear to be serious roadblocks for your success, consider visiting a counselor or therapist to get help in overcoming them. As you go through the remainder of this book, these questions will come up again, along with more information about specific laws, drugs, and prevention programs. The relationship between dose and effect works in two ways. However, ECT is still used with severely depressed patients who do not respond to medication.3 By the 1950s, probably the major drug in use for severely disturbed patients in the large mental hospitals was paraldehyde, a sedative, (see Chapter 7). But the drugs that have been singled out for special controls, such as heroin, cocaine, and marijuana, are not unique in their association with toxicity, dependence, • American society has changed from being one that tolerated a wide variety of individual drug use to being one that attempts strict control over some types of drugs. “Age-Specific Seroprevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Injection Drug Users Admitted to Drug Treatment in 6 US Cities.” American Journal of Public Health 92 (2002), pp. Drug Use as a Social Problem www.mhhe.com/hart13e drug dealers. In 1598, an Italian-English dictionary published in London translated the Italian Nicosiana as the herb tobacco, and that spelling and usage gradually became dominant. glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain. The Nervous System © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 How Drugs Work used in the same patient because each tends to reduce the effectiveness of the other. Drinking Among College Students The college years have traditionally been associated with alcohol use, and in 2005 the proportion of drinkers was about 6 percent higher among 18-to-22-year-old college students than among others of that age (e.g., about 62 percent of college students reported drinking within the past month, compared with about 56 percent of other 18-to-22-year-olds in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health).10 Many campuses have banned the sale or advertising of alcohol. 18. An 1890 federal act permitted only American citizens to import opium or to manufacture smoking opium in the United States. There might, however, be variability in the dosage at which individual organisms respond, and as the dose increases, there is a rise in the percentage of individuals who show the response. Many drug-abuse prevention programs have focused on efforts to show young people how to feel good about themselves and how to look for excitement in their lives without using drugs. Thus, the thousands of neurotransmitter molecules released by a single action potential must be removed from the synapse. The total requested for the 2003 budget was a record $19.2 billion. Stimulants are the drugs that can • Compare and contrast the mechanism of action and route keep you going, both mentally of administration of cocaine and amphetamine. 2. One effect of alcohol intake is to increase the blood sugar level for about an hour after ingestion. The Nervous System www.mhhe.com/hart13e Examples of Drug Actions It is possible to divide the actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems into two main types. Movies and Mental Illness. Occasionally the use of a particular drug becomes such a fad among a large number of youth groups that it seems to be a nationwide problem. The manic patients all improved, whereas there seemed to be no effect on depressed or schizophrenic patients. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: a. For the first time this condition was referred to as a disease (caused by alcohol), and he recommended total abstinence from alcohol for those who were problem drinkers.2 Other physicians readily recognized these symptoms in their own patients, and physi- © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 Chapter 9 Alcohol 205 199 cians became the first leaders of the temperance movement. If 4 percent of those tested actually use methamphetamine, and the test has a 5 percent false-positive rate, then a positive result is more likely due to an error than to actual drug use! Benzodiazepines Heroin Methamphetamine 172,388 164,572 108,905 5. including ads relevant to your interests on Book Depository and to work with approved third parties in the process of delivering ad content, including ads relevant to your interests, to measure the effectiveness of their ads, and to perform services on behalf of Book Depository. . How are coca paste, freebase, crack, and ice similar? Alcohol Pharmacology Absorption Some alcohol is absorbed from the stomach, but the small intestine is responsible for most absorption. What three major concerns about drugs led to the initial passage of laws controlling their availability? Alcohol © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 9. Half have tried marijuana, and most students report never having tried the rest of the drugs listed. Most authorities include it as one of the danger signs suggesting excessive use of alcohol. they produce dependence? and physically, when you should • Discuss the dependence potential of cocaine and be tired. 05-5728). Following several days of cocaine use (a binge), a constellation of withdrawal symptoms may be present, including cocaine craving, irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, increased appetite, Cocaine use during pregnany increases the risk of serious complications. Now a previously safe dose of blood-pressure medication or cough suppressant results in much higher blood levels that could be dangerous. The Chinese made do with only two basic dispositions: yin, the moon, representing the cool, passive, “feminine” nature; and yang, the sun, representing the warm, active, “masculine” nature. However, Rush also concluded that hard liquor damaged the drinker’s morality, leading to a variety of antisocial, immoral, and criminal behaviors. 921–33. After all, the user doesn’t blow smoke all around, and most people don’t even notice when someone is chewing, unless the chewer has a huge wad in the mouth or spits frequently. There are specific receptors for each neurotransmitter, and most neurotransmitters have more than one type of receptor in the brain. Drug Use as a Social Problem © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 Drug Use in Modern Society Table 2.3 Dependence Potential of Psychoactive Drugs Very high: Heroin (IV) Crack cocaine High: Morphine (injected) Opium (smoked) Moderate/high: Cocaine powder (snorted) Tobacco cigarettes PCP (smoked) Moderate: Diazepam (Valium) Alcohol Amphetamines (oral) Moderate/low: Caffeine MDMA* (Ecstasy) Marijuana Low: Ketamine (see Chapter 14) Very low: LSD† Mescaline Psilocybin *MDMA, methylenedioxy methamphetamine † LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide or to a recovering alcoholic describe her struggle against the bottle’s attempts to destroy her, the substance seems to take on almost human characteristics. Schmeckebier, L. F. The Bureau of Prohibition. example, a drug to be used chronically requires two-year toxicology studies in animals. Some people suspect that certain family structures actually enhance the likelihood of alcohol abuse or dependence developing.  145,51 zł, 263,04 zł Alcohol Introduction © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 197 SECTION FOUR Alcohol Alcohol: social lubricant, adjunct to a fine meal, or demon rum? 46 40 Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition Section One I. Pull in and relax your stomach. 345 Should Medical Patients Have Access to Marijuana? . United States Sentencing Commission. In addition, color-coding of various amounts of brain activity can be arbitrary and some researchers may use a color scheme that gives an illusion of enormous differences, when only small differences actually exist. These effects depend on the BAC—also called blood alcohol level (BAL). The minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages was set at 21 in all states except New York and Louisiana before 1970, when the national voting age was lowered to 18. Findings from other studies suggest the disorder is associated with prefrontal cortex deficits, especially in catecholamine-rich regions.37 The clear evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of amphetamines and methylphenidate (Ritalin) in the treatment of ADHD bolsters this latter finding. The Actions of Drugs www.mhhe.com/hart13e Chapter 5 driver as he or she would be sober, but with experience the impairment may be reduced. He said they was crawling up on his legs; and then he would give a jump and scream, and say one had bit him on the cheek—but I couldn’t see no snakes. One good example of this type of change is former President George W. Bush, who in 1986 decided to quit drinking and who also became much more involved in religion, both without any direct involvement with Alcoholics Anonymous. The temperance movement can be credited for strengthening the political power of women’s groups, such as the WCTU. The first report of these French trials of chlorpromazine in mental patients mentioned that not only were the patients calmed, but the drug also seemed to act on the psychotic process itself. White, T. L., D. Lott, and H. de Wit. Looking at the “Availability” line, and using the scale on the right-hand side of Figure 1.1, 16 10 Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition I. Does drug use cause them to become poor students and to fight and steal? The more lipid-soluble molecules are more likely Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition II. and others with access to these gases. The irritation of the gums can cause them to become inflamed or to recede, exposing the teeth to disease. Heavy alcohol use is associated with increased mortality resulting from heart disease. Drug Products and Their Regulations 82 76 Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition Section One I. However, we must keep in mind that a cause and effect relationship has not been proven. Political observers will be quick to note that Ronald Reagan was president during most of the 1980s, when use of marijuana and other drugs was declining, while Bill Clinton was in office during most of the 1990s, when these rates rose. Furthermore, if substance dependence itself is a disease, then gambling, excessive sexual involvement, and overeating should also be seen as diseases. Volatile Solvents The modern era of solvent abuse, or at least of widely publicized solvent abuse, can be traced to a 1959 investigative article in the Sunday Chapter 7 Depressants and Inhalants 173 167 supplement of a Denver, Colorado, newspaper. Inactivated Na+ Channels Additional voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing rapid change of polarity—the action potential. What kinds of conditions seem to be most common among advertised prescription drugs? 25. Visit the Online Learning Center for links to more information on needle exchange programs. One possible interpretation of the gateway phenomenon is that young people are exposed to alcohol and tobacco and that these substances somehow make the person more likely to go on to use other drugs. . Uppers and Downers © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 6. Some users who wanted to smoke cocaine used to convert it into freebase by extracting it into a volatile organic solvent, such as ether. McGraw-Hill McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN−10: 0−39−065732−8 ISBN−13: 978−0−39−065732−9 Text: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition Hart−Ksir−Ray This book was printed on recycled paper. Let’s say we check each cage the next day to see how many mice in each group died. Only about 1 in 10 people are affected, but in those who are, ethylamine by a pharmacologist, because its basic structure is a phenyl ring with an ethyl group and an amine attached. Because at one time drug dependence was linked to the presence of physical withdrawal symptoms (when the abused substance was removed), a number of experiments have studied whether physical withdrawal symptoms appear upon abrupt cessation after repeated cocaine use. After the neurotransmitter molecules have been synthesized, they are stored in small vesicles near the terminal from which they will be released. Pedagogical Aids Although all the features of Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior are designed to facilitate and improve learning, several specific learning aids have been incorporated into the text: • Chapter Objectives: Chapters begin with a list of objectives that identify the major concepts and help guide students in their reading and review of the text. • Understand how concerns about barbiturate use led to acceptance of newer classes of sedative-hypnotics. We use cookies to serve you certain types of ads, Paperback  286,68 zł, 166,52 zł Sales increased until after World War II, at which point per capita consumption was approximately what it had been before Prohibition. more than horses in speed dumb like the ostrich in wisdom we run along the shores of our imag, Health Drugs, Society and Human Behavior 13th Edition Hart−Ksir−Ray =>? Temperance workers now advocated total abstinence from all alcoholic beverages, and pressure grew to prohibit the sale of alcohol altogether. Look at Figure 6.3 on page 142 for one schematic representation of mood in which depression is shown as an abnormally low mood and mania Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition III. Uppers and Downers © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 7. The relationship between BAC and behavior is similarly, but more enjoyably, described in the following: At less than 0.03 percent, the individual is dull and dignified. Sizemore, G. M., and others. How Did We Get Here? 8 Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition I. Generic names are the official (i.e., legal) names of drugs and are listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). • Compare and contrast the supply sources for illicit cocaine Do they really make you smarter, and illicit methamphetamine. Some stopped because the drug did not appear to be helping and some stopped because the side effects became intolerable to them, but the biggest single reason for stop- Antidepressants Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors The story of the antidepressant drugs starts with the fact that tuberculosis was a major chronic illness until about 1955. The Great Depression of the 1930s increased competition for business, and the Roosevelt administration took a more critical view of the pharmaceutical industry. When I go on vacation, I prefer the change of camping out. At any given time the unwanted use of some kind of drug can be found to be increasing, Journalism students are told that an informaat least in some group of people. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004. 11. A history of physical dependence and withdrawal didn’t seem to have much influence on response rates in the long run. of spiders), behavior therapy is a more effective treatment. Tolerance typically precedes physical dependence. 2. Although we might pay some farmers to grow alternative crops, the high profits from growing illicit cocaine draw others to plant new fields. What similarities and what differences are there in the toxic effects of cocaine and amphetamine? The arresting officer, Agent Coleman’s current employer, Sheriff Larry Stewart, permitted him to continue his undercover cocaine operations in Tulia. Uppers and Downers © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 7. . Every drug has multiple effects. anxiety disorders: mental disorders characterized by excessive worry, fears, or avoidance. In other words, everything that we see and understand as behavior is dependent upon the functioning of these cells. To reduce large stockpiles of methamphetamine after the war, the drug was sold without prescription, and the drug companies advertised them for “elimination of drowsiness and repletion of the spirit.” Such widespread use was accompanied by considerable overuse and abuse. The DEA’s response to this has been to reschedule dronabinol when dissolved in sesame oil and sealed in gelatin capsules, as a Schedule III controlled substance. • • • • • • © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 Learning objectives Glossary flashcards Web activities and links Self-scoring chapter quiz Audio chapter summaries Video clips The Beginnings Reformism The current federal approaches to drug regulation can be traced to two pieces of legislation passed in 1906 and 1914. 5. Frank, D. A., and others. 20. Drug Use in Modern Society 3. Selective Reuptake Inhibitors The introduction in 1987 of fluoxetine (Prozac) ushered in the era of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). to moderate drinkers, either: Many believe that the only cure for a hangover is some of “the hair of the dog that bit you”—alcohol. With his long, white nervous fingers, he adjusted the delicate needle and rolled back his left shirtcuff. The most important change was one requiring that every new drug be demonstrated to be effective for the illnesses mentioned on the label. • Understand the importance of placebo effects and the necessity of double-blind studies. As the drug dose increases, sometimes new response systems are affected by the drug. This is exactly what happened. Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology. Especially with chemical dependence, many people speak as though the substance itself is the cause of the dependence. Some authorities believe that the symptoms of a hangover are the symptoms of withdrawal from a short- or long-term dependence on alcohol. Another provision required advertisements for prescription drugs (mostly in medical journals) to contain a summary of information about adverse reactions to the drug. 4. Once the infection is cleared up, the disorder is cured. Did Prohibition reduce alcohol abuse? Hell will be forever for rent.2 The law did not result in an alcohol-free society, and this came as quite a surprise to many people. Health The increase in the unbound drug concentration helps move the drug out of the bloodstream to the sites of action faster and Chapter 5 The Actions of Drugs 121 115 can be an important influence on the effect the drug has. 4. After the passage of the federal 1970 Controlled Substance Act, states began to adopt the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, a model state law recommended by the DEA. 12 Dietary Supplements and Over-the-Counter Drugs Which of the common drugstore drugs are psychoactive? Hart: Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior, 17th edition. Another example of the limitation of correlational studies is the link between marijuana Mind/Body Connection Religion and Drug Use More than three-fourths of American adolescents report that religion plays an important part in their lives. In other words, it helps to be more • Who is taking the drug? A form of the drug that dissolves very slowly in water might be injected into a muscle, or the drug might be microencapsulated (tiny bits of drug coated with something to slow its absorption). Emerson, H. Alcohol and Man. 3. 114 108 Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition Section Two II. Following the seizures a psychosis characterized by confusion, disorientation in time and place, agitation, tremulousness, insomnia, delusions and visual and auditory hallucinations may supervene. inhalants: volatile solvents inhaled for intoxicating purposes. In snorting, the intent is to get the very fine cocaine hydrochloride powder high into the nasal passages—right on the nasal mucosa. Drugs and Society Glen R. Hanson Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Utah, Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. It has been known for years that amphetamines could be habit forming—that is, they could produce psychological dependence. In 1996, Sheriff Ken Burke, his former employer, wrote a letter of complaint to the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement in which he stated, “Mr. If Prohibition weakened respect for law and order, it had to go.2 Although women’s groups had played a big role in getting Prohibition passed and the WCTU lobbied against repeal, other Prohibition: laws prohibiting all sales of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933. Before 2000, PPA was an ingredient in OTC weight-control preparations (see Chapter 12) and in many of the look-alikes. Most illicit methamphetamine consumed in the United States is produced in small “stovetop laboratories,” which might exist for only a few days in a remote area before moving on. Toxicity is usually measured in at least one early animal study by determining how many the greatest differences between laboratory mice and humans would probably be found in the areas of thoughts, emotions, and “personality.” A specific case cited by PETA was thalidomide testing (see Chapter 3), which it claims “passed animal safety tests with flying colors” and later caused thousands of human deformities. acetylcholine (eh see till co leen): neurotransmitter found in the parasympathetic branch in the cerebral cortex. However, while it’s easy to describe the changes once they have happened, it’s much tougher to predict what will come next. Stimulants www.mhhe.com/hart13e drugs and their purity, both indicators of supply. As these drugs became widely used, reports again appeared of psychological dependence, occasional physical dependence, and overdose deaths. When the drug is suddenly removed, these compensating mechanisms produce an imbalance. Does the ad’s list of side effects and warnings sound potentially worse than the disorder being treated? Are the medications generally treated inappropriately as either cures or as a way to force conformity and compliance? 5. Drug Use: An Overview © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2009 Section One Drug Use in Modern Society Targeting Prevention Preventing What? However, most individuals seem to recover from the psychosis as the drug leaves the system. People who complain of insomnia often overestimate how long it takes them to get to anxiolytics: drugs, such as Valium, used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, times changed; pushed by concerns over young people dying in alcohol-related traffic accidents, in the 1980s Congress authorized the Transportation Department to withhold a portion of the federal highway funds for any state that did not raise its minimum drinking age to 21. . Knowledge about such things comes partly from people who have suffered accidental brain damage and partly from experiments using animals. Sales of model glue continued to rise as the publicity went nationwide.14 Since then, recreational use of various solvents by young people has occurred mostly as more localized fads. Prescribing rules vary, but one of the most common limitations is that the prescriptions may not be automatically refilled. New methods for analyzing urine have combined with test kits for saliva, hair, and other kinds of samples to purpose. This announcement generated quite a response from a wide variety of watchdog groups. The blood-brain barrier is not well developed in infants; it reaches complete development only after one or two years of age in humans. 1 Which drugs are being used and why? In 2005, for example, U.S. government agencies seized 250 tons of cocaine, 2.5 tons of heroin, and more than 1,000 tons of cannabis.18 These efforts have made it difficult and expensive to do business as a major importer. Think about frightening things you have heard about specific drugs. When corn constitutes more than 51 percent of the grain in the mash, the liquor is called bourbon. To determine an effective dose (ED), it is necessary to define an effect in animals that is meaningful in terms of the desired human use, although in some cases this is difficult. Because there was then no legal way to obtain the drug, the user was forced either to stop using drugs or to look for them in the illegal market. Assault and Other Crimes of Violence As with homicide, studies of assault, spousal abuse, and child abuse reveal correlations with drinking: Heavier drinkers are more likely to engage in 222 216 Hart−Ksir−Ray: Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, 13th Edition Section Four IV. Frequent drug use, craving for the drug, and a high rate of relapse after quitting indicate psychological dependence. With psychoactive drugs in particular, the influences of expectancy, experience, and setting are also important determinants of the drug’s effect. Based on this view, public policy decisions, medical treatment, and individual drug-use decisions could be influenced by the question “Is this an addicting drug?” If some drugs produce dependence but others do not, then legal restrictions on specific drugs, care in the medical use of those drugs, and education in avoiding the recreational use of those drugs are appropriate.
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