[15] The organization offered cooperation in the following terms: Lehi would rebel against the British, while Germany would recognize an independent Jewish state in Palestine/Eretz Israel, and all Jews leaving their homes in Europe, by their own will or because of government injunctions, could enter Palestine with no restriction of numbers. Until these sources are confirmed, this entry should be flagged. The attack was at night, the fighting was confused, and many civilian inhabitants of the village were killed. As early as July 1946, she reports, “The effort Dad was making to untangle the mess in Palestine can be seen in a comment he made to his mother . [8] In 1947, several letter bombs were sent to President Harry Truman in the White House. There it became a great nation and only there it will be reborn. Margaret had access to many of Truman’s personal notes that revealed the inside story of the establishment of Israel in Palestinian lands. Its effect on Constitutional law is almost nonexistent. The Lehi documents outlined that its rule would be authoritarian and indicated similarities between the organization and Nazis. [97] The party took part in the elections in January 1949 with Yellin-Mor and Schmuelevitch heading the list. [11] The group referred to its members as terrorists[12] and admitted to having carried out terrorist attacks. [50][51] In exchange for Italy's recognition of, and aid in obtaining, Jewish sovereignty over Palestine, Stern promised that Zionism would come under the aegis of Italian fascism, with Haifa as its base, and the Old City of Jerusalem under Vatican control, except for the Jewish quarter. On 6 November 1944, Lehi assassinated Lord Moyne, the British Minister Resident in the Middle East, in Cairo. Lustick, Ian S. (1994). Ironically, the Arab reports backfired in one respect: frightened Palestinian Arabs did not surrender, but did not fight either – they fled, allowing Israel to gain much territory with little fighting and also without absorbing many Arabs. The Deir Yassin story did not much sway international opinion. They were executed. "[43], The group was initially unsuccessful. Early attempts to raise funds through criminal activities, including a bank robbery in Tel Aviv in 1940 and another robbery on 9 January 1942 in which Jewish passers-by were killed, brought about the temporary collapse of the group. It has never expired and never will. (. According to a compilation by Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Lehi was responsible for 42 assassinations, more than twice as many as the Irgun and Haganah combined during the same period. [15][16] After Stern's death in 1942, the new leadership of Lehi began to move it towards support for Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union. The Stern Gang tried to assassinate Truman but the team was apprehended and killed. Apparently one of von Hentig's secretaries noted down the essence of the proposal in his own words. EDUCATION: Educate the nation to love freedom and zealously guard Israel's eternal patrimony. And that's because our history books, from grammer school thru college, do not reveal one word about the assassination attempt by the Zionist terrorist group -- Stern Gang -- against President Harry S Truman, in 1947. Hence Israel alone has a right to that land. [30], Avraham Stern laid out the ideology of Lehi in the essay 18 Principles of Rebirth:[31], Unlike the left-wing Haganah and right-wing Irgun, Lehi members were not a homogeneous collective with a single political, religious, or economic ideology. . "LECHI: Fighters for the freedom of Israel", Tel Aviv: Yair Publishers. May 19, 1947, London. [23], The words and music of a song "Unknown Soldiers" (also translated "Anonymous Soldiers") were written by Avraham Stern in 1932 during the early days of the Irgun. 253-254. [76][77], Shortly after the 1947 publication of The Last Days of Hitler, Lehi issued a death threat against the author, Hugh Trevor-Roper, for his portrayal of Hitler, feeling that Trevor-Roper had attempted to exonerate the German populace from responsibility.[78]. [39][verification needed], According to Yaacov Shavit, professor at the Department of Jewish History, Tel Aviv University, articles in Lehi publications contained references to a Jewish "master race", contrasting the Jews with Arabs who were seen as a "nation of slaves". [97] The trial verdict was handed down on 10 February, soon after the Fighters' List had won one seat with only 1.2% of the vote. [9] It was initially called the National Military Organization in Israel,[10] upon being founded in August 1940, but was renamed Lehi one month later. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. Writing under her maiden name, Mrs. Daniel also reproduces numbers of previously unpublished letters and notes written by her father. [32], In the early years of the state of Israel Lehi veterans could be found supporting nearly all political parties and some Lehi leaders founded a left-wing political party called the Fighters' List with Natan Yellin-Mor as its head. “The so‐called Stern gang” of Zionist terrorists tried to assassinate President Truman by letter‐bomb in 1947, according to a new biography written by Mr. Truman's daughter. [70] In 1982, postage stamps were issued for 20 Olei Hagardom, including Bet-Zouri and Hakim, in a souvenir sheet called "Martyrs of the struggle for Israel's independence. Moyne was the highest ranking British official in the region. Is it better to drop an atomic bomb on a city than to kill a handful of persons? Lehi initially sought an alliance with Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, offering to fight alongside them against the British in return for the transfer of all Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe to Palestine. To bring together all those interested in liberation (that is, those willing to join in active fighting against the British). In a biography of her father Miss Truman discussed the attempt on her father's life by Puerto Rican nationalists. By March 1948, the road was cut off and Jewish Jerusalem was under siege. [96] Senior officers of the IDF, including Yisrael Galili and David Shaltiel, told the court that Lehi had hindered, rather than assisted the fight against the British and the Arabs. Margaret had access to many of Truman’s personal notes that revealed the inside story of the establishment of Israel in Palestinian lands. Shlomo Sand writes that as a method of applying pressure on Arab villagers to abandon their settlements, Lehi planned a terror attack on Nablus and its Arab city headquarters; Lehi fighter Elisha Ibzov (Avraham Cohen) was captured with a truck filled with explosives on his way to the city. [17] It said that its National Bolshevism involved an amalgamation of left-wing and right-wing political elements – Stern said Lehi incorporated elements of both the left and the right[15] – however this change was unpopular and Lehi began to lose support as a result.[18]. We were aiming at a political goal. 1972, Margaret Truman, 'Harry S. Truman', pp. A Stern gang squad drove a stolen post office truck loaded with explosives into the Sarona police compound and detonated it, killing five British policemen. [24][26] In December 1940, Lehi even contacted Germany with a proposal to aid German conquest in the Middle East in return for recognition of a Jewish state open to unlimited immigration. [75] Knouth aka Gilberte/Elizabeth Lazarus. [89][90] Many Lehi members were arrested, including leaders Nathan Yellin-Mor and Matitiahu Schmulevitz who were arrested on 29 September. Stern's group was seen as a terrorist organisation by the British authorities, who instructed the Defence Security Office (the colonial branch of MI5) to track down its leaders. Ze'ev Sharaf (Government Secretary). In one, President Truman referred scathingly to Franklin D. Roosevelt, his predecesssor, as a “faker.”, In a note on his desk calendar in 1948, he said, “I don't believe the USA wants any more fakers—Teddy and Franklin [Roosevelt] are enough. [82], However, Jewish authorities, including Haganah, the Chief Rabbinate, the Jewish Agency, and David Ben-Gurion, also condemned the attack, lending credence to the charge of massacre. [54] When Rotstein's role later became clear, Lehi sentenced him to death and assigned Yaacov Eliav to kill him, but the assassination never took place. Lehi also rejected the authority of the Jewish Agency for Israel and related organizations, operating entirely on its own throughout nearly all of its existence. The British government protested to the United States government against American fund … [99][100][101][102], In 1980, Israel instituted the Lehi ribbon, red, black, grey, pale blue and white, which is awarded to former members of the Lehi underground who wished to carry it, "for military service towards the establishment of the State of Israel". It demonstrates ... against the true terrorist who hides behind his piles of papers and the laws he has legislated. Initially conducted together with the Irgun, it included a six-month suspension to avoid being targeted by the Haganah during the Hunting Season, and later operated jointly with the Haganah and Irgun under the Jewish Resistance Movement. "This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its enemies as the Stern Gang." Martin [a CID sergeant who had recognised Shamir in a lineup] is terrorism, but to attack an army camp is guerrilla warfare and to bomb civilians is professional warfare. Under a barrage of heavy covering fire, Lehi fighters broke into the car park, shot soldiers they encountered at close range, stole rifles from arms racks, laid mines to cover the retreat, and withdrew. Therefore it is effective. It did increase, not only support, but pressure on Arab governments to intervene. Lehi assassinated Lord Moyne, British Minister Resident in the Middle East, and made many other attacks on the British in Palestine. [48], In mid-1940, Stern became convinced that the Italians were interested in the establishment of a fascist Jewish state in Palestine. Lehi advocated mass expulsion of all Arabs from Palestine and Transjordan[41] or even their physical annihilation. Roosevelt (who immediately preceded Harry Truman) in the . Of those Lehi assassinations that Ben-Yehuda classified as political, more than half the victims were Jews.[46]. That’s why. The British wanted the US and Russia to destroy each other. “The so‐called Stern gang” of Zionist terrorists tried to assassinate President Truman by letter‐bomb in 1947, according to a new biography written by Mr. Truman's daughter. This training was conducted in Trochenbrod (Zofiówka) in Wołyń Voivodeship, Podębin near Łódź, and the forests around Andrychów. They differentiated between "enemies of the Jewish people" (the British) and "Jew haters" (the Nazis), believing that the former needed to be defeated and the latter manipulated. > attempt by the Stern Gang on the life of Harry Truman? [22] Just before the first Israeli elections in January 1949, a general amnesty to Lehi members was granted by the government. In the months before the British evacuation from Palestine, the Arab League-sponsored Arab Liberation Army (ALA) occupied several strategic points along the road between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, cutting off supplies to the Jewish part of Jerusalem. > > Coercion and Bribery > > Information control might take care of the general public, but that is > hardly sufficient for our elected representatives. [40] Sasha Polakow-Suransky writes that "Lehi was also unabashedly racist towards Arabs. [73], Following the bombing of the British embassy in Rome, October 1946, a series of operations against targets in the United Kingdom were launched. In June 1940, Stern decided to break away from the Irgun Ẓeva’i Le’ummi (Etzel). On 2 June, two Lehi members, Betty Knouth and Yaakov Levstein, were arrested crossing from Belgium to France. [83] The Jewish Agency even sent a letter of condemnation, apology, and condolence to King Abdullah I of Jordan.[84]. Copies are being distributed to reach bookstores for the Christmas‐shopping season, although the formal publication date is in January. But the following day Ambassador Warren Austin made a statement to the contrary at the United Nations—which occasioned President Truman's bitter remark about the State Department. Sasson Sofer. The Stern gang, named after its founder, Abraham Stern, was a small splinter group in the fight against the British mandate before the creation of Israel in 1948. It defies logic! Yitzhak Shamir claimed later that Moyne was assassinated because of his support for a Middle Eastern Arab Federation and anti-Semitic lectures in which Arabs were held to be racially superior to Jews. Lehi and Irgun both denied an organized massacre. [88], Three days after the assassination, the Israeli government passed the Ordinance to Prevent Terrorism and declared Lehi to be a terrorist organization. "[53], However, the "intermediary" Rotstein was in fact an agent of the Irgun, conducting a sting operation under the direction of the Irgun intelligence leader in Haifa, Israel Pritzker, in cooperation with the British. The Stern Gang tried to assassinate Truman but the team was apprehended and killed. The article described the goals of terror: Yitzhak Shamir, one of the three leaders of Lehi after Avraham Stern's assassination, argued for the legitimacy of Lehi's actions: There are those who say that to kill [T.G.] Levstein was travelling as Jacob Elias; his fingerprints connected him to the deaths of several Palestine Policemen as well as an attempt on the life of the British High Commissioner. The Irgun suspended its underground military activities against the British for the duration of the war. While everyone may be glad that “no soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a […] [64] The Stern Gang also had links with, and support from, the Vichy France Sûreté's Lebanese offices. Some had attended the Military Engineers School in Civitavecchia, in Fascist Italy. A new book assesses the president's role in the creation of Israel. [97] The Provisional State Council then authorised their pardon. It resulted in retaliatory anti-Jewish violence by British troops and a punitive curfew imposed on Tel Aviv's roads and a closure of places of entertainment in the city by the British Army. When the Irgun made a truce with the British, Stern left the Irgun to form his own group, which he called Irgun Tsvai Leumi B'Yisrael ("National Military Organization in Israel"), later Lohamei Herut Israel ("Fighters for the Freedom of Israel"). To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. One of the most widely known acts of Lehi was the attack on the Palestinian-Arab village of Deir Yassin. [63], This proposed alliance with Nazi Germany cost Lehi and Stern much support. [42], Many Lehi combatants had received military training. Its campaign of violence lasted from 1944 to 1948. Lehi adopted a non-socialist platform of anti-imperialist ideology. In 1946, several British high officials, including Sir Stafford Cripps, Ernest Bevin, and Anthony Eden received letter bombs apparently sent by the extreme Zionist Stern Gang. But first and foremost, terrorism is for us a part of the political battle being conducted under the present circumstances, and it has a great part to play: speaking in a clear voice to the whole world, as well as to our wretched brethren outside this land, it proclaims our war against the occupier. The New York Times on Dec. 2, 1972, reported, “’The so‐called Stern gang’ of Zionist terrorists tried to assassinate President Truman by letter‐bomb in 1947.” What Drove Truman to Recognize Israel. But the White House mail room, alert to the danger of postal bombs, discovered the letters and had them defused by Secret Service bomb experts, Mrs. Daniel writes in her book, “Harry S. Truman,” which is being published by William Morrow & Co. British intelligence alerted the Secret Service to a plot by the Gang to bomb British officials, and had already found one envelope containing explosive powder and a small detonator. "Political Violence: Political Assassinations as a Quest for Justice." [74] On 15 April 1947 a bomb consisting of twenty-four sticks of explosives was planted in the Colonial Office, Whitehall. They were a combination of militants united by the goal of liberating the land of Israel from British rule. [15] During World War II, it declared that it would establish a Jewish state based upon "nationalist and totalitarian principles". latter day(s) fulfillment of Daniel 8:9 will soon be addressed.] An article titled "Terror" in the Lehi underground newspaper He Khazit (The Front) argued as follows: Neither Jewish ethics nor Jewish tradition can disqualify terrorism as a means of combat. . [21] After the assassination, the new Israeli government declared Lehi a terrorist organization, arresting some 200 members and convicting some of the leaders. They note that when Lehi founder Avraham Stern went to study in fascist Italy, he refused to join the Gruppo Universitario Fascista for foreign students, even though members got large reductions in tuition. On 7 March 1947, Lehi's only successful operation in Britain was carried out when a Lehi bomb severely damaged the British Colonial Club, a London recreational facility for soldiers and students from Britain's colonies in Africa and the West Indies. In the summer of 1947, the so-called Stern gang of Palestine terrorists tried to assassinate Dad by mail. [89] Yellin-Mor and Schmulevitz were charged with leadership of a terrorist organization and on 10 February 1949 were sentenced to 8 years and 5 years imprisonment, respectively. This page was last edited on 8 March 2021, at 12:35. World War II was in progress, and Britain was fighting Nazi Germany. Twice attempts were made on Truman’s life while he was President, although only the second is well known. It failed to explode due to a fault in the timer. [97] Yellin-Mor was sentenced to 8 years and Schmuelevitch to 5 years imprisonment, but the court agreed to remit the sentences if the prisoners agreed to a list of conditions. The British Security Services identified Knouth as the person who planted the bomb in the Colonial Office. To appear before the world as the only active Jewish military organization. During the lead-up to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Lehi mined the Cairo–Haifa train several times.
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