"Lord Tiger"), a guardian spirit. The Chinese dragon is one of the key religious icons in these beliefs. Hu Ye (?? Religious observance in China is on the rise. It is the ethnic religion of the Chinese people, and involves veneration of forces of nature and ancestors, exorcism of harmful forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature, the universe and reality that can be influenced by human beings and their rulers, as well as spirits and gods. "Nine Emperor God") is held over the first 9 days of the 9th lunar month to celebrate the return from heaven to earth of the Nine Emperor spirits. ), Hong Kong (?? ), the patron goddess of sailors. (lit. Chinese folk religion is the religious tradition of the Han people, including veneration of forces of nature and ancestors, exorcism of harmful forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature which can be influenced by human beings and their rulers as well as spirits and gods. All three traditional beliefs, at one time or another overlapped, to help shape Chinese culture and traditions. Historically, China and its people have been characterized by three religiophilosophical traditions. For example, over 30 percent of Han Chinese people follow Shenism, or Chinese folk religion. ), and Vietnam (??). Tu Di Gong (?? He is often the deified manifestation of certain historical personalities. The Cheng Huang Miao (???) Worship is especially prevalent in Fujian and Taiwan. It has no leadership, headquarters, founder, or denominations. The structure of Chinese society and its focus on rituals, familial respect and obligation, worship of ancestors, and self-discipline, remains greatly influenced by Confucius and his teachings. It has been practiced alongside Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism by Chinese people throughout the world for thousands of years. Chinese religion is composed of four main traditions: Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Shrines can be found in coastal areas of Eastern and South-Eastern China. Today, belief in Mazu is especially popular in the South and South-East, including Fujian (?? (Note: This list is incomplete and should not be considered a full representation), "For the word of the Lord is truth, and whatsoever is truth is light...". Cai Shen (?? Thus, it is obvious that the traditional folk belief has a wide foundation among the local people. While China’s constitution allows religious belief, adherents across all religious organizations, from state-sanctioned to underground and banned groups, face intensifying persecution and repression. In some myths, she is the mother of the Jade Emperor (??). Chinese folk religion is occasionally observed as a constituent a part of Chinese classic religion, but more typically, the two are regarded as synonymous. The Chinese folk religion is a grassroots+, pervasive factor in all aspects of the social life, contributing to the very fabric of Chinese society. Depending on which version of the Journey to the West legend, where Sun Wukong supposedly originates, Sun Wukong is only sometimes referred to as an actual god. Chinese Astrology is very popular and many people think the sign can decide one’s characters and future. 8 has his tongue sticking out, because he hanged himself in mourning for 7. And she was represented as a fire in some pictures. Chinese folk religion comprises the religion practiced in much of China for thousands of years which included ancestor veneration and drew heavily upon concepts and beings within Chinese mythology. Xi Wangmu (??? Typical practices and beliefs of folk religion include feng shui watching, fortune telling, and ancestor worship, to name a few. "Old Man Under the Moon"). His shape is that of a giant blue whiskered cat. Cheng Huang (?? Folk religion is the collection of religious practices that fall outside the doctrine of organized religion, and these practices can be culturally or ethnically based. This practice permitted all three philosophical systems to f… Usually these are famous or noble persons from the city who were deified after death. are important literary and artistic figures who were deified after death, and became objects of worship. ), Hainan (?? Jiu Wang Ye (??? ), Guangdong (?? Chinese folk religion is a complex mix of different Daoist and Buddhist beliefs along with ancient Chinese philosophies and mythologies, such as ancestor worship with the oracle bones, ceremonial rituals, and a great many of their own gods. Chinese folk religion is composed of a combination of religious practices, including Confucianist ceremonies, ancestor veneration, Buddhism and Taoism. Chinese Traditional Religion – 394 million followers worldwide Chinese Traditional Religion or Chinese Folk Religion, in its present form, can be dated back to the Sung Dynasty (960-1279). "Eighth Lord"), two generals and best friends, often seen as giant puppets in street parades. Guan Yu (?? This title/name was later applied to the supreme deity of various religions, including Yu Huang Dadi and the Christian God. Wenchangdi (??? Chinese folk religion is sometimes seen as a constituent part of Chinese traditional religion, but more often, the two are regarded as synonymous. Shangdi Shangdi (??) Chinese folk religion comprises the religion practiced in much of China for thousands of years which included ancestor veneration and drew heavily upon ideas and beings inside Chinese mythology. ), the "Great Emperor Protecting Life." Instead, "Chinese religion" is a term describing the complex interaction of different religious and philosophical traditions that have been influential in China. or "Shrine of the Cheng Huang" was often the focal point of a town in ancient times. Chinese Folk Religion. View Chinese Folk Religion Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. Amid China’s economic boom and rapid modernization, experts point to the emergence of a spiritual vacuum as a trigger for the growing number of religious believers, particularly adherents of Christianity and traditional Chinese religious groups. These are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Ceremonies, veneration, legends, festivals and various devotions associated with different folk gods/deities and goddesses form an important part of Chinese culture even today. ?, t? Since the earliest times, Chinese family religious leanings and beliefs always depended on family values and cultural practices. Chinese folk religion also retains traces of some of its ancestral neolithic belief systems which include the veneration of (and communication with) the sun, moon, earth, the heaven, and various stars, as well as communication with animals. It is estimated that there are at least 800 million adherents to Chinese folk religion worldwide. Chinese Folk Religion is comprised of elements of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism but is considered to be an entirely different religion to all three. Chinese folk religion is one of the labels used to describe the collection of ethnic religious traditions which have historically comprised the predominant belief system in China and among Han Chinese ethnic groups up to the present day. Supreme Emperor) is originally the supreme god, synonymous with the concept of Tian. The matchmaker who pairs lovers together, worshipped by those seeking their partner. While all variants of Chinese religion assume the existence of one or more “souls” (ling-hun), very little has been said about what these “souls” are or how the concept varies from one religious tradition to another. Chinese religious beliefs are wide-ranging and eclectic, deriving from several eastern religious traditions (e.g. dì g?ng), the "God of the earth", a genius loci who protects a local place (especially hills), and whose statue may be found in roadside shrines. Chinese folk religion (Chinese: 中国 民间 信仰 (simplified spelling) or 中國 民間 信仰 (traditional spelling), zhōng-guó mín-jiān xìn-yǎng) is a religion that has been practiced in China, and in areas inhabited by Chinese people. according to the contents of a book called Understanding Heaven and Hell (????). Now, more and more Chinese people are fond of constellation in western culture. "Emperor Promoting Culture"), god of students, scholars, and examination. Taoism. Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism). Inept examiners in ancient times sometimes sought "divine guidance" from him to decide rank between students. Qiye (?? A consensus definition of folk religion is almost impossible, and what has been studied as Chinese folk religion or popular religion is extremely diverse. Some mythical figures in folk culture have even been integrated into Buddhism as in the case of Miao Shan who is generally thought of having evolved into the Buddhist bodhisattva Kuan Yin. Worship is devoted to a Hierar… At the same time, these folk religions are cross-connected to the ancestor's lineage. The devotion includes the veneration of forces of nature and ancestors, exorcism of demonic forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature, balance in the universe and reality that can be influenced by human beings and their rulers, as well as spirits and gods. ), a class of protective deities: Each city has a Cheng Huang who looks after the fortunes of the city and judges the dead. Other folk deities may date back to pre-Buddhist eras of Chinese history. Zhusheng Niangniang (???? "The Monkey King" or "Great Sage Equaling Heaven") is the stone monkey born from heaven and earth who wreaked havoc in heaven and was punished by the Buddha under the five fingers mountain for 500 years. Chinese folk religion (Chinese: 中国 民间 信仰 (simplified spelling) or 中國 民間 信仰 (traditional spelling), zhōng-guó mín-jiān xìn-yǎng), also called Chinese popular religion or Shenism or Shénism (神教, shén-jiào), is the most widespread form of religion in China, and among Chinese people worldwide. Chinese folk religion is the underlying belief system of more than a billion Chinese people. Baosheng Dadi (???? "Seventh Lord") and Baye (?? Chinese folk religion or Chinese popular religion is the religious tradition of the Han Chinese, in which government officials and common people of China share religious practices and beliefs, including veneration of forces of nature and ancestors, exorcism of harmful forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature which can be influenced by human beings and their rulers. ), the "Queen Mother of the West" who reigns over a paradisial mountain and has the power to make others immortal. He is also the god of wealth, by virtue of his connection with the earth, and therefore, minerals and buried treasure. For example, the highest goddess in Chinese folk religion. Taoism (also called Daoism) is a Chinese religion that developed a bit after Confucianism, around two thousand years ago. So the unborn venerated is mother is cross-connected to the fire. ), the 'Kitchen God' mentioned in the title of Amy Tan's novel, The Kitchen God's Wife. Chinese Folk Religion is a combination of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism placed atop Chinese archaic Shamanism. It is deeply embedded in family and civic life, rather than expressed in a separate organisational structure like a "church". µ — 神仙教 Zhongguo Hanren zifadi zongjiao shijian: Shenxianjiao (The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism)", "A Drama of the Concepts of Religion: Reflecting on Some of the Issues of "Faith" in Contemporary China", "Local Traditions, Community Building, and Cultural Adaptation in Reform Era Rural China", "Deserving Divine Protection: Religious Life in Contemporary Rural Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces", "Old Chinese "*tees" and Proto-Indo-European "*deus": Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics", Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective, The future of China’s past: An interview with Mayfair Yang, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folk_religion&oldid=726156145, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, ① Yin and yang naturally formed in a log in, Discursive-scriptural: involving the composition, preaching, and recitation of texts (, Personal cultivation mode, involving a long-term cultivation and transformation of oneself with the goal of becoming a. Liturgical: involving elaborate ritual procedures conducted by specialists of rites (Taoist rites, Confucian rites, Nuo rites, Immediate practical: aiming at quick efficacious (, Relational: emphasising the devotional relationship between men and deities and among men themselves (organising elaborate. Chinese folk religion (Chinese popular religion or traditional Chinese religion) or Han folk religion or Shenism is the religious tradition of the Han Chinese, including veneration of forces of nature and ancestors, exorcism of harmful forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature which can be influenced by human beings and their rulers as well as spirits and gods. Chinese folk religion is composed of a combination of religious practices, including Confucianist ceremonies, ancestor veneration, Buddhism, and Taoism. Yuexia Laoren (???? A divine physician, whose powers extend to raising the dead. The religious outlook of most Chinese people consists of some … He reports to heaven on the behavior of the family of the house once a year, at Chinese New Year, and is given sticky rice in order to render his speech less comprehensible on that occasion. Chinese folk religion (also known as Chinese popular religion or simply Chinese religion) is the religious tradition of the Chinese, in which government officials and common people of China share religious practices and beliefs, including veneration of forces of nature and ancestors, exorcism of harmful forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature which can be influenced by human … Zao Shen (??|?? Sun Wukong (????????? "Birth-Registry Lady"). Chinese folk religion ( Chinese: 中国 民间 信仰 (simplified spelling) or 中國 民間 信仰 (traditional spelling), zhōng-guó mín-jiān xìn-yǎng) is a religion that has been practiced in China, and in areas inhabited by Chinese people. The veneration of secondary gods does not conflict with an individual's chosen religion, but is accepted as a complementary adjunct to Buddhism, Confucianism or Taoism. The Eight Immortals (ba xian, ??) Go into any Chinese home, office or restaurant and you will see altars, statues or paper ‘good luck’ images. ), the red-faced, and symbol of trust, integrity and loyalty, was a venerated living from the times of the Three Kingdoms, who succeded in 1924 CE as the seventeenth Jade Emperor or Yu Huang, is respected as Guan Shengdi (???) Starting in 1966 with the Cultural Revolution, organized religion has been frowned upon by the communist government as superstitious and tainted by foreigners. Worshipped by people who want children, or who want their child to be a boy. However, now in the 21st century, there has been a revival of these Chinese folk religions among the highly educated who (1) find it to be a comforting tie back to their ancestral lineages, and (2) find the pantheist, eclectic, nature-based approach to be more appealing than a dogmatic, institutionalized form of religion. Chinese Folk Religion. To look at the statistical data today, one would assume the Chinese are not vastly a religious people. Released by the Tang Monk, Xuanzang (or Tang Sanzang), he traveled under Xuanzang as his disciple to the Thunder Monastery in the West (presumably India) for the Buddhist scriptures to redeem himself. Mazu (?? Chinese folk religion comprises the religion practiced in much of China for thousands of years which included ancestor veneration and drew heavily upon concepts and beings within Chinese mythology. And wherever there is a Chinese community there are temples and Earth God shrines. 7 is black, because he drowned rather than miss his appointment to meet with 8, even though a flood was coming. ), Taiwan (?? He is worshipped by students who wish to pass their examinations. "god of wealth"), named Gongming Zhao, who oversees the gaining and distribution of wealth through fortune. Chinese Folk Religion - Characteristics - The Chinese Deities (Gods and Goddesses) The Chinese Deities (Gods and Goddesses) There are hundreds of Chinese Deities (local gods and goddesses) as well as demigods. Chinese folk religion is sometimes seen as a constituent part of Chinese traditional religion, but more often, the two are regarded as synonymous.
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